Effects of teacher-developed spherical video-based virtual reality types on student learning engagement: A hierarchical linear modeling approach

Abstract

Spherical video-based virtual reality (SVVR) offers teachers an accessible means to use virtual reality. However, research into the effects of learning materials in teacher-developed SVVR activities on student learning remains limited. This study recruited 33 elementary school teachers and the 841 students in their classes. This study classified teacher-developed SVVR into "enhanced type" (N = 18) and "fundamental type" (N = 15), based on the number of enhanced exposition contents and thematic integration assessments embedded in the SVVR activities. This study also examined its effect on the students’ perceived effects of active learning (AL), repetition (REP), and feedback (FB), and learning engagement (i.e., cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social engagement). Nested relationships between teachers and students were observed using hierarchical linear modeling analysis. This study revealed that (1) enhanced-type SVVR activities are positively associated with learning engagement; (2) AL and FB are positively associated with student engagement; (3) REP is the only factor that is positively associated with emotional engagement; and (4) AL and SVVR exert a cross-level interaction effect on emotional engagement, wherein enhanced-type SVVR activities yield greater emotional engagement among lower AL students. While prior research highlighted SVVR’s impact on student learning, the present work has unfolded the importance of how SVVR delivers information and facilitates students' knowledge organization in the course of learning, consequently impacting students’ learning outcomes. The results of this research are of theoretical and practical significance for both researchers and practitioners working on designing, implementing and evaluating SVVR for educational purposes. © The Author(s) 2024.

Keywords

Author Keywords

Learning engagement 360° video Elementary education Perceived effects of virtual reality (VR) Spherical video-based virtual reality (SVVR) Teachers’ instructional design

Index Keywords

Author Affiliations

Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

Department of Curriculum and Instruction & Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Program of Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

Funding & Acknowledgements

Ministry of Education, MOE

This research is supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSTC 112\u20132410-H-003 -036 -MY3, and NSTC 111\u20132410-H-003 -011 -MY3, as well as the Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund (SIEF) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was also financially supported by \"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences\" of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

National Taiwan Normal University, NTNU

This research is supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSTC 112\u20132410-H-003 -036 -MY3, and NSTC 111\u20132410-H-003 -011 -MY3, as well as the Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund (SIEF) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was also financially supported by \"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences\" of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK

This research is supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSTC 112\u20132410-H-003 -036 -MY3, and NSTC 111\u20132410-H-003 -011 -MY3, as well as the Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund (SIEF) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was also financially supported by \"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences\" of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

National Science and Technology Council, NSTC

Grant: NSTC 112–2410-H-003 -036 -MY3, NSTC 111–2410-H-003 -011 -MY3

This research is supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSTC 112\u20132410-H-003 -036 -MY3, and NSTC 111\u20132410-H-003 -011 -MY3, as well as the Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund (SIEF) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was also financially supported by \"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences\" of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

National Science and Technology Council, NSTC

This research is supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C., under the grant number NSTC 112\u20132410-H-003 -036 -MY3, and NSTC 111\u20132410-H-003 -011 -MY3, as well as the Strategic Impact Enhancement Fund (SIEF) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was also financially supported by \"Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences\" of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.

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Effects of teacher-developed spherical video-based virtual reality types on student learning engagement: A hierarchical linear modeling approach

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