Massive vocationalization of secondary schooling in China has been aimed to improve the transition from school to work and further studies. However, effective realization of this policy totally depends on the quality of the proposed vocational pathway. In China, school-enterprise cooperation is considered as a key quality factor for the development of the vocational education system. This chapter reports on the study of construction of modern apprenticeship as an effective transition to working life to improve the vocational education system by literature analysis and field research in the framework of a national key research project. The results demonstrate that “modern apprenticeship” is an effective institutional arrangement for integrating the process of learning and work and providing an effective mechanism for participants (schools, businesses, and individuals) to share the cost and benefits of vocational education. Modern apprenticeships can provide effective transfer pathways to solve problems of school-enterprise cooperation and to meet the needs of the economy and society’s development in China. © 2018, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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