Review 2026

A Multi-Method Scoping Review on Implementation of Job Preparation Programs for Students with Disabilities

Exceptionality
Journal · Vol. 34 · Issue 1 · pp. 44-61
Abstract

Preparing students with disabilities for employment after high school is a foundational pillar of transition planning and college and career readiness. However, there is limited guidance on how best to prepare students for their employment goals. A multi-method scoping-literature review was conducted to gain an understanding of the programmatic supports and elements of employment preparation programs for students with disabilities within peer-reviewed literature, as well as other considerations for implementation. We extracted data from conceptual and quantitative articles on job preparation programs. In total, 20 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Findings indicate inconsistent application of instructional and implementation supports, intervention content, and resources needed to administer employment preparation programming. Implications for research and practice are discussed to support future implementation of employment preparation programs. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

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Author Affiliations
Special Education, University of Arkansas, Blackwell, AR, United States
WestEd, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
Funding & Acknowledgements
U.S. Department of Education, ED
Funding text 1: Eight of the 10 articles discussed program development, which was defined as how to initiate or sustain an employment preparation program, with many articles focusing on funding logistics. In some cases, the larger transition programs reviewed were started with federal funds. Iowa\u2019s Super Senior program (i.e., Nietupski et al., ) was funded by the U.S. Department of Education\u2019s Office of Special Education Programs. With this funding, staff were paid to support program implementation. Other local and state grants were able to help fund student salaries during job exploration activities, relieving institutions of any additional costs for the partnership (Sabbatino & Macrine, ). Swank and Huber () identified a need for collaboration across multiple partners, such as school counselors, teachers, administrators, students, families, and community members, to develop and implement employment preparation programs. The authors articulated that funding to implement a comprehensive job preparation program is a perennial challenge.; Funding text 2: This research for funded by National Center for Special Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences [R324A190104-20].
Office of Special Education Programs, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, OSEP
Funding text 1: Eight of the 10 articles discussed program development, which was defined as how to initiate or sustain an employment preparation program, with many articles focusing on funding logistics. In some cases, the larger transition programs reviewed were started with federal funds. Iowa\u2019s Super Senior program (i.e., Nietupski et al., ) was funded by the U.S. Department of Education\u2019s Office of Special Education Programs. With this funding, staff were paid to support program implementation. Other local and state grants were able to help fund student salaries during job exploration activities, relieving institutions of any additional costs for the partnership (Sabbatino & Macrine, ). Swank and Huber () identified a need for collaboration across multiple partners, such as school counselors, teachers, administrators, students, families, and community members, to develop and implement employment preparation programs. The authors articulated that funding to implement a comprehensive job preparation program is a perennial challenge.; Funding text 2: This research for funded by National Center for Special Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences [R324A190104-20].
National Center for Special Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, NCSER
Funding text 1: Eight of the 10 articles discussed program development, which was defined as how to initiate or sustain an employment preparation program, with many articles focusing on funding logistics. In some cases, the larger transition programs reviewed were started with federal funds. Iowa\u2019s Super Senior program (i.e., Nietupski et al., ) was funded by the U.S. Department of Education\u2019s Office of Special Education Programs. With this funding, staff were paid to support program implementation. Other local and state grants were able to help fund student salaries during job exploration activities, relieving institutions of any additional costs for the partnership (Sabbatino & Macrine, ). Swank and Huber () identified a need for collaboration across multiple partners, such as school counselors, teachers, administrators, students, families, and community members, to develop and implement employment preparation programs. The authors articulated that funding to implement a comprehensive job preparation program is a perennial challenge.; Funding text 2: This research for funded by National Center for Special Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences [R324A190104-20].
Institute of Education Sciences, IES
Grant: R324A190104-20
Funding text 1: Eight of the 10 articles discussed program development, which was defined as how to initiate or sustain an employment preparation program, with many articles focusing on funding logistics. In some cases, the larger transition programs reviewed were started with federal funds. Iowa\u2019s Super Senior program (i.e., Nietupski et al., ) was funded by the U.S. Department of Education\u2019s Office of Special Education Programs. With this funding, staff were paid to support program implementation. Other local and state grants were able to help fund student salaries during job exploration activities, relieving institutions of any additional costs for the partnership (Sabbatino & Macrine, ). Swank and Huber () identified a need for collaboration across multiple partners, such as school counselors, teachers, administrators, students, families, and community members, to develop and implement employment preparation programs. The authors articulated that funding to implement a comprehensive job preparation program is a perennial challenge.; Funding text 2: This research for funded by National Center for Special Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences [R324A190104-20].
References 10 References
1 Individuals with Disability Education Improvement Act H R 1350 § Sec, (2004)
2 Career Clusters the Modernization National Career Clusters Framework Guidebook, (2024)
3 College and Career Readiness and Success Organizer, (2019)
4 Blustein, David L., The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy, The Psychology of Working: A New Perspective for Career Development, Counseling, and Public Policy, pp. 1-360, (2006)
5 Bobroff, Sheryl, The effects of peer tutoring interview skills training with transition-age youth with disabilities, Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 33, 3, pp. 143-157, (2010)
6 Brewer, David R., Evaluation of a multi-site Transition to adulthood Program for youth with disabilities, Journal of Rehabilitation, 77, 3, pp. 3-13, (2011)
7 Persons with A Disability Labor Force Characteristics, (2022)
8 Burgstahler, Sheryl Elaine, Differences in perceived benefits of internships for subgroups of students with disabilities, Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 31, 3, pp. 155-165, (2009)
9 Preventing School Failure, (2005)
10 Cease-Cook, Jennifer, Strategies for Creating Work-Based Learning Experiences in Schools for Secondary Students With Disabilities, Teaching Exceptional Children, 47, 6, pp. 352-358, (2015)
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