Despite the rapid diffusion of technological innovations, there has been no convergence of national skill formation systems. This is due to the different influences from the employment system, which begins with vocational training and continues through different forms of lifelong learning within companies or between different employment relationships. Ultimately, national skill formation systems are unique due to the numerous institutional influences. By creating typologies, however, important structural features of the different linkages between vocational education and training (VET) and the employment system can be worked out while abstracting many details. The different typologies presented in detail all refer to VET at the transition from school to work; that is, only to entry into employment. However, the work organisation of the companies and the structure of the labour markets already play a major role here, which is then also formative in further working life. © Ellu Saar and Péter Róbert 2025.
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