This chapter offers new insights into why international transfers of dual modes of VET occur. It introduces the concept of transnational skill ecosystems, arguing that they are increasingly relevant institutions supporting the growth regimes of various economies. We define transnational skill ecosystems as transnational, social and institutional environments, where skills are developed, demanded, and utilised for productive purposes in both domestic and foreign labour markets. They are essential for supporting key growth components such as exports, foreign direct investment, and remittances. Within these ecosystems, various practices can be observed, including education and training transfers at the company, sectoral, and national levels, transnational skill partnerships, and new practices for recognising qualifications. We empirically explore our argument by investigating the rise of a Kosovar–German skill ecosystem that caters to the distinct growth regimes of both countries. We identify several actors behind the creation of this ecosystem, including the German and Kosovar states, Kosovar and German employers and employer organisations, diaspora organisations, development cooperation agencies, and migration intermediaries. Our chapter advocates departing from methodological nationalism in studying educational transfers and education systems, and demonstrates that the motives behind dual VET transfers are more structured and politically and economically driven than previously assumed. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Oscar Valiente, Srabani Maitra, Philipp Gonon and Matthias Pilz; individual chapters, the contributors.
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