This chapter set a theoretical background for the current book. The chapter begins with a review of how employability is conceptualized differently, sometimes competing with each other. It then reviews how higher education institutions develop employability for students via curriculum-based, extra-curricular, work-based, and community-based activities. It discusses the translation of graduate employability into employment outcomes and career development, with a focus on influential factors during that translation process. Based on the literature review, it argues that graduate employability should be seen as a lifelong process of building and utilizing different forms of capital for attaining employment and career goals. It also calls for further research into perspectives and initiatives to develop graduate employability in different contexts as well as how it is translated into employment outcomes and career development. In general, while this chapter points out research gaps related to the employability agenda in higher education, it also provides background knowledge so that readers can understand the empirical studies reported in subsequent chapters. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
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