The Bologna Process reformed the German university system by introducing 3-year undergraduate degrees. We evaluate the effects on the dual apprenticeship system, where 29% of new apprentices are also qualified for university. For identification, we exploit regional and temporal variation in reform a…
Two common hypotheses regarding the relative benefits of vocational versus general education are (1) that vocational skills enhance relative short-term earnings and (2) that general skills enhance relative long-term earnings. Empirical evidence for these hypotheses has remained limited. Based on Swe…
Several commentators have argued that the short-term advantage of vocational versus academic education, which is a smoother school-to-work transition, trades offwithlong-termdisadvantages,which are lower employment and/or lower wages. Using data based on the careers of individuals born in the United…
