Search Results for
"deep learning"

Marton and Säljö (Br J Educ Psychol 46:4–11, 1976a) described deep-level and surface-level processing in experiments in which students read and recalled academic texts. They did not discuss whether levels of processing had any counterparts in students’ everyday studies. However, their article is often credited as the source of the distinction between deep and surface approaches to learning in students’ academic studies. It is also sometimes credited as the source of the research method known as “phenomenography.” These incorrect accounts are attributed to Marton and Säljö’s subsequent writings, which promoted the use of “approaches to learning” in order to characterize differences in the process of learning in both artificial experiments and academic studying and also promoted the use of “phenomenography” to refer to any form of rigorous qualitative analysis involving the identification of categories of description and the relationships between them. Even so, there is an important conceptual, theoretical, and methodological distinction between students’ levels of processing in specific tasks and their approaches to learning in their academic studies. Marton and Säljö’s article served to illuminate the former but did not discuss the latter. The only correct source of the notion of approaches to learning in students’ academic studies in higher education is a different paper by Marton (in: Strategies for research and development in higher education, 1976c). Citing Marton and Säljö’s article as the source is not only inaccurate but obscures important aspects of their methodology. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to report on the development and implementation of two student-centred teaching approaches, not usually thought to be appropriate for large group situations. These projects involved adapting teaching methods to facilitate a move away from the conventional lecturer-centred approach (the "chalk-and-talk" of earlier generations) and torespondto anenvironment challenged by the perpetually changing requirements of professional bodies, increasingly large classes and high student-staff ratios. Design/methodology/approach - Two student-centred projects were implemented at a South African residential university in the discipline of auditing, and the topic of general controls in the information technology (IT) environment was addressed. This study reports on two cycles of the development and implementation of the projects following an action research methodology. Findings - It was found that "non-standard" teaching practices can be implemented successfully and that active student involvement, even in a large class environment, is achievable and is therefore recommended, not least because this could positively impact on students' overall skills development. The action research methodology was successfully used to incorporate changes, enforced by the challenges accounting academics are faced with. Research limitations/implications - Limitations associated with this study are that it was conducted at only one South African university, and that it was in a specific and technical topic within the single field of auditing. The study also did not measure whether deep or surface learning had taken place. As various factors contribute to learning, it was also not possible to report on whether positive changes to students' normal learning processes have been achieved as a result of the initiatives. Originality/value - The contribution this study makes is twofold. First, it adds to the field of accounting education research by indicating that student-centred projects can successfully address the abovementioned challenges faced by accounting academics. Second, it demonstrates that action research, as a methodology for examining and developing accounting education, can be used effectively by academics to improve their teaching practices. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2049-372X.

The standing of vocational education is salient for how it is perceived by those who sponsor, participate in and work within it and how its provisions are supported and administered. Yet, this standing continues to be intractably low, compared with other education sectors, more so in some countries than others. The consequences for this low standing can be profound. Serially, moreover, it has been the voices and sentiments of powerful others (e.g. aristocrats, theocrats, bureaucrats and academics) that have long been privileged in discourses about the standing of occupations and their preparation. In perhaps most instances, this privileging has and continues to come at a cost to the standing, processes of and goals for this important educational sector. Indeed, the legacies of earlier sentiments about and conceptions of different kinds of occupations and their preparation are now deeply embedded in societal discourses and variously sustain and constrain the standing of vocational education. At its strongest, concepts such the Berufs concept in the German speaking world does much to sustain and elevate vocational education. Elsewhere, this lowly standing generates constraints that comprise efforts to control and micro-manage those who teach and learn. Adopting a historical approach, this paper offers a brief and partial account of how, across time, sentiments of powerful others have shaped the standing of vocational education and its proposes and practices, often for purposes of power and control. Instead, it is proposed that for vocational education to realise it purposes necessarily requires it to be informed by and directed more by the interests of those learning about - teaching and practice - these occupations. In addition, the need for societally based (i.e. governmental) imperatives to ameliorate the long-standing consequences of these sentiments for vocational education is proposed. © 2013 © 2013 The Vocational Aspect of Education Ltd.

This paper describes the activities of students enrolled in a cooperative education course, SCI 193V, that focused on sustainability at Honolulu Community College. The class demonstrated how cooperative education can be a powerful method of instruction to promote sustainability and enable students to achieve their academic and professional goals. In addition, the college and community benefited. The students enrolled in SCI 193V gained a significant amount of knowledge and skills related to sustainability, interpersonal relations in a multiethnic community, and communication skills. They achieved a level of deep learning through a project-based curriculum that required them to synthesize disparate information, formulate and test hypotheses, demonstrate principles, communicate to the stakeholders, and formulate holistic conclusions. The success of this course sets the stage for potential application to larger scale curricular reform. © Common Ground, Kenneth Johnson, All Rights Reserved.

Although lectures are one of the most common methods of knowledge transfer in medicine, their effectiveness has been questioned. Passive formats, lack of relevance and disconnection from the student′s needs are some of the arguments supporting this apparent lack of efficacy. However, many authors have suggested that applying adult learning principles (i.e., relevance, congruence with student′s needs, interactivity, connection to student′s previous knowledge and experience) to this method increases learning by lectures and the effectiveness of lectures. This paper presents recommendations for applying adult learning principles during planning, creation and development of lectures to make them more effective.

Comprehensive, timely, and relevant, this text offers an approach to discipline-specific literacy instruction that is aligned with the Common Core State Standards and the needs of teachers, students, and secondary schools across the nation. It is essential that teachers know how to provide instruction that both develops content and literacy knowledge and skills, and aims at reducing student achievement gaps. Building on the research-supported premise that discipline-specific reading instruction is key to achieving these goals, this text provides practical guidance and strategies for prospective and practicing content area teachers (and other educators) on how to prepare all students to succeed in college and the workforce. Pedagogical features in each chapter engage readers in digging deeper and in applying the ideas and strategies presented in their own contexts: Classroom Life (real 6-12 classroom scenarios and interviews with content-area teachers) Common Core State Standards Connections College, Career, and Workforce Connections Applying Discipline-Specific Literacies Think Like an Expert (“habits of thinking and learning” specific to each discipline) Digital Literacies Differentiating Instruction Reflect and Apply Questions Extending learning Activities The Companion Website includes: Lesson plan resources Annotated links to video files Annotated links to additional resources and information Glossary/Flashcards For Instructors: All images and figures used in the text provided in an easily downloadable format For Instructors: PowerPoint lecture slides. © 2015 Taylor and Francis.

Adult and community education theorists and practitioners in the 20th century focused on reasons people sought degrees beyond high school. As time went on, a greater need became apparent for a more educated populace. This need then drove the focus from only undergraduate education to higher education and expanded into graduate education. Participation quickly became a major topic for these leaders. Over 30 years ago, K. Patricia Cross (1981) created the Chain-of-Response (COR) model to better understand the decision-making processes of participation in higher learning institutions. These 20th century studies were largely from a deficit-model perspective rather than the positive perspective that has emerged in early 21st century research. A historical analysis of the COR research points to future and emerging trends showing COR value beyond U.S. borders for deeper understanding of widening participation, massification, and diversity in higher education. This is explored in this chapter. © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.

learning in the circumstances of practice stands as the commonest and most enduring way occupational capacities have been learnt across human history, and, likely, are currently learnt. Yet, a comprehensive account of this means of learning remains absent, which limits the legitimacy of workplaces as sites of learning, the learning arising from them and understandings of how to organize, promote and evaluate that learning. When advancing this account, it is necessary to avoid being constrained by the discourse of schooling and orthodoxies of schooled societies, which can distort considerations of learning through practice on its own terms. When reviewed, anthropological and historical literature on learning occupational practices outside of educational provisions offers fresh suggestions including that such an account likely comprise elements of practice curriculum and pedagogies and personal epistemologies, albeit set within particular complexes of cultural, societal and situational factors. A key distinction arising from such a review is the emphasis on individuals’ active processes of learning and how these are enacted in the circumstances of practice, rather than on teaching or instruction. Such a distinction runs deep in this literature and has consequences for conceptions of understandings and efforts to promote and improve learning through practice. © 2014, Taylor & Francis.