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"learning"

Social research is a critical tool for evaluating issues of public concern, which provides insights into societal trends and potential consequences of actions taken at both individual and collective levels. These studies are frequently conducted through the administration of surveys, which gather data from respondents using structured questionnaires. A questionnaire may consist of a single question or a set of interrelated questions designed to capture a wide range of perspectives. Once collected, the survey data is subjected to various analytical techniques, each serving a distinct purpose. Some methods aim to enhance the homogeneity of the data by standardizing responses, ensuring comparability across different segments of the population. Other techniques focus on assessing the relevance and significance of each question in relation to the phenomenon under investigation, ensuring the validity and depth of the analysis. This paper introduces a novel methodology for quantifying the entirety of responses obtained from a questionnaire. The index takes into account the fact that the scales of responses to the questions may be heterogeneous, and also assesses the varying importance of the responses. © 2025, Centre of Sociological Research. All rights reserved.

This article summarizes the main results of a research on teachers working in secondary school VET in Chile by reviewing the principal features of teacher professional identity, including their beliefs and perceptions about teaching for job and their experiences in the context of the school settings in which they work. Empirical findings were collected from a survey of 490 teachers and 31 in-depth interviews. Analysis of these findings shows the emergence of a distinctive teacher professional identity. The identity emphasizes a practical teaching model that is associated with the application of a pedagogy of accompaniment, but which also demonstrates tensions and difficulties of interaction regarding the traditional academic school model. Teachers pointed out as common the weakness of institutional support, the weak link with employers and productive agents and the recurrent need to show their own individual initiative in order to face the challenges of training students. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This study uses longitudinal analysis of the Taiwan Education Panel Survey to explore background factors of educational tracking experiences among Taiwanese youth and their dynamic associations with job-education match, job satisfaction, and happiness. The sustainable careers concept (De Vos et al., 2020) views individuals as core actors, emphasizing personal, situational, and temporal dimensions’ influence on career sustainability, expanding school-to-work transition research (Blokker et al., 2023). However, existing studies often focus on adults and are cross-sectional, missing key youth changes and early educational experiences’ impact on careers. While educational tracking’s role in occupational choice has been explored, understanding of how job-education match affects job satisfaction and happiness, especially under different educational backgrounds, remains limited. This study’s longitudinal analysis aims to provide a comprehensive perspective for sustainable career theory and practice. Research shows job-education match, job satisfaction, and happiness are interrelated. Job-education match includes educational level, field of study, and skills/abilities matching, positively correlating with job satisfaction (Badillo-Amador & Vila, 2013; Santis et al., 2021). From strengths-use perspective, knowledge and abilities need an environment for application, with full utilization increasing work engagement, satisfaction, and happiness (Miglianico et al., 2020). Job satisfaction and happiness’s positive association is often explained by the spillover hypothesis, including top-down and bottom-up effects. Longitudinal meta-analyses show life satisfaction and happiness have cross-sectional associations and cross-lagged effects (Bowling et al., 2010; Karabati et al., 2019; Steel et al., 2019). This study analyzes these relationships using data from Taiwan. The impact of early educational experiences on later career development is worth investigating. Existing research on Taiwanese youth indicates that high school students’ post-graduation development is influenced by learning experiences and employment considerations. Key moments for youth to consider career development are during the educational tracking at high school levels and when facing graduation from university (Kuo et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2018). In Taiwan’s education system, the educational tracking at the high school level is a crucial stage in youth career development. Vocational high school students mostly choose their major subjects upon graduating from junior high school, while students in academic high school choose their stream (liberal arts or science) after completing their first year, and decide on their specific university major when applying for higher education. This study employs longitudinal tracking to investigate how regret over high school track/major choices in the third year influences subsequent career development, addressing limitations of retrospective methods in existing research. It also focuses on youth with different educational tracking experiences, exploring how their subsequent career development trajectories differ. While previous studies have explored how educational tracking affects various work outcomes over time (Birkelund et al., 2022; Delaruelle et al., 2020; Verhaest et al., 2018), there remains a gap in research specific to Taiwan's unique educational and sociocultural context. Career exploration during university, especially actions to change or expand learning specialties (changing majors, minors, double majors, taking programs), is a crucial experience for future career development. Educational level is also an important factor. Although literature shows mixed results regarding the match between educational level and work, studies focusing on Taiwanese workers mostly indicate that higher education levels help improve job satisfaction and happiness (Chen et al., 2020). Therefore, this study uses longitudinal analysis to enhance understanding. The statistical analysis adopts the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) (Mulder & Hamaker, 2021), using data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) and its follow-up database (TEPS-B) SH sample, with 1,637 participants. It examines the associations between job-education match, job satisfaction, and happiness at three time points: ages 25 (T1), 30 (T2), and 33 (T3), incorporating relevant factors from the educational period into the model. In the model, job-education match, job satisfaction, and happiness are time-varying factors, divided into random intercepts at the between-person level to explore correlations, and within-person level to explore autoregression and cross-lagged effects. Educational tracking type, regret over chosen major in the third year of high school (data from high school period), educational level, and career exploration are time-invariant predictors of random intercepts, with gender included as a control variable. Additionally, the study examines whether different educational tracks in high schools (vocational vs. academic) show different effects on various paths and further observes by inputting two group samples into the model. The main findings are as follows: First, the random intercepts of job-education match, job satisfaction, and happiness are positively correlated among Taiwanese youth, similar to previous research findings. Those with higher job-education match have higher job satisfaction and happiness due to work content meeting expectations and knowledge and skills matching job requirements (Ilies et al., 2019; Kristof-Brown et al., 2005; Unanue et al., 2017). Second, job-education match and happiness show autoregressive effects across the three waves, while job satisfaction only shows autoregressive effects in the latter two waves. The autoregressive effect of job-education match reflects the profound impact of the educational stage on career paths. The autoregressive effect of happiness may indicate that increasing age and stable living environments can increase the stability of happiness. Job satisfaction shows no autoregressive effect from 25-30 but does from 30-33, reflecting more career transitions and exploration before 30, with less obvious job satisfaction stability. After 30, higher chances of finding ideal jobs and clearer career positioning lead to more significant job satisfaction stability (Wille et al., 2012). Third, except for happiness at age 30 positively predicting job satisfaction at age 33, other cross-lagged effects are not significant. This positive effect aligns with the top-down effect of the spillover hypothesis, i.e., overall life satisfaction extends to the work domain (Steel et al., 2019). However, the cross-lagged effects between job-education match and job satisfaction are not obvious, possibly because after entering the workforce, job content and responsibilities may increase, and expectations for working conditions become more complex. Fourth, overall, the moderating effect of educational tracking is not obvious, with only a few paths differing between ages 25 and 30. The autoregression of happiness T1 to happiness T2 is higher for those in vocational tracks than those in academic track; the influence of job satisfaction T1 on happiness T2 and job satisfaction T1 on job-education match T2 is higher for those in academic track than those in vocational track. This suggests that in the early career stage, the two educational track have their own characteristics. However, the overall total path effect difference is not significant, indicating that regardless of the educational track, the within-person career process experiences similar changes. Fifth, regarding predictor variables, factors such as educational level, third-year high school major regret, and career exploration during university have different effects depending on the type of educational track. Educational level has a significant positive predictive effect on job-education match in both tracks; however, while educational level positively predicts happiness in the academic track, it has no significant effect in the vocational track. Career exploration has a positive effect on job-education match for those in the academic track, but no effect for those in the vocational track. This study particularly notes that regretting the chosen track/major in the third year of high school negatively predicts job satisfaction and happiness, but only for vocational track participants. These students may lack occupational knowledge or career exploration when transitioning from junior high, yet must make choices determining their professional field at age 15. If they regret their choice, changing fields or retraining may be difficult, affecting job choices and satisfaction. Academic track participants who regret their chosen track (liberal arts or science) in high school can still select their desired major when entering university at age 18, impacting career satisfaction differently. This paper suggests these findings may reflect issues related to early tracking, warranting further investigation. Regarding research limitations, this study spans many years, and youth may experience job changes, socioeconomic conditions, and family status changes that affect their careers. However, for model simplicity, this study did not include these time-varying factors in the analysis, which future research could further incorporate. Although this is a longitudinal study, inferring causal relationships still requires more exploration, such as mediating effects of other variables or qualitative data support. The three waves in this study have unequal time intervals, limiting effect comparisons and making it inappropriate to constrain the model, leading to insufficiencies in inference and model simplification, so it is recommended that future studies use longitudinal data with equal intervals. The three main variables in this study all use single-item measures as observation sources, which cannot reflect complex constructs; future research should consider multi-item studies. This study treats educational level, career exploration, and educational tracking as time-invariant factors, unable to rule out potential changes for a small number of people between different waves. Understanding of the types of changes in different variables at different time points for participants is limited; future research could explore this through latent heterogeneity analysis to benefit practical work. © 2025, National Taiwan Normal University. All rights reserved.

This paper explores the potential of online micro-credentials, a novel learning approach that awards credentials after short educational experiences, as a viable solution to bridging the soft skills gap in the workforce. Using a qualitative foresight research design, the study analyzes and synthesizes insights gathered from 85 in-depth interviews with key labor market stakeholders. The results emphasize how employers generally view online micro-credentials as a feasible and flexible way for professionals to engage in training, although employers underscore various challenges associated with online micro-credentials in soft skills that distance education must take into consideration. The article concludes with recommendations for strategic micro-credential course designs which should be developed with a practical orientation for real-world simulation and application using novel pedagogical approaches. Accordingly, micro-credentials tailored to soft skills development need to be designed and implemented in settings that closely resemble real-life scenarios. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This bibliometric analysis elucidates the evolution and impacts of Project-Based learning (PBL) within vocational education, emphasizing its relevance in translating career goals and addressing educational gaps, particularly from 1993 to 2023. Analyzing 555 Scopus-indexed documents, this study utilized advanced bibliometric tools to uncover PBL's growing appeal and its innovative pedagogical integration into design thinking, challenge-based education, and multidisciplinary approaches. Our findings highlight PBL's significant outcomes, including its role in bolstering STEM curricula and fostering critical skill development, thus bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application essential for the workforce. Despite the documented benefits, our analysis also identifies substantial gaps in research, particularly the scarcity of longitudinal studies on PBL's long-term effectiveness and its comparative efficacy against traditional pedagogies within diverse educational contexts. The study underscores PBL's utility in vocational education as a transformative approach, aligning with dynamic career expectations and the requirements of the knowledge economy. By offering a detailed thematic evolution and pinpointing influential contributions, this research serves as a strategic guide for educators and policymakers, advocating for informed, future-ready educational strategies that embrace experiential learning to meet the evolving needs of students and the labor market. © Author (s)2025.

Educators are being challenged to develop transformational learning experiences that link student attainment of sustainability competencies to professional skills required in specific industries. However, these efforts can sometimes be hamstrung by traditional curricula and institutional structures. This study on an industry-led learning experience, the Timber Development UK University Design Challenge, evaluates how successful it has been in fostering student learning in net zero skills, renewables (materials and technologies) and engineering approaches critical for twenty-first century construction professionals whilst also focusing on sustainability outcomes and operating outside an established curriculum or program. The results demonstrate a method for implementing interdisciplinary challenge-based learning in engineering for sustainable development within built environment fields, and for developing or enhancing links with industries and community organisations. More broadly, this work supports education around decarbonisation of the built environment, upskilling the twenty-first century workforce, developing a more circular economy, and emphasising collaborative and regenerative design. © 2025 SEFI.

This study explores the development and implementation of specific rubrics for the assessment of competencies in the practicum of the Master’s Degree in Compulsory Secondary Education, Upper Secondary Education, Vocational Training, and Language Teaching (MCSE). Higher education programs, particularly in teacher training, including the Practicum of the MCSE, have generated a significant amount of written feedback to support competency assessment and professional development. Through an iterative collaborative process, assessment rubrics were developed and refined with twin focuses on the quality of students’ reports and their attitude during their practicums. The result is two rubrics that have better alignment of learning objectives and praxis and that can support more detailed and more objective assessment. Notably, the involvement of the tutoring team in the validation process was crucial in refining the competency of descriptors to provide comprehensive feedback and greater consistency of assessment. The involvement of tutors is essential, as they not only provide external perspectives that enrich the analysis of Practicum activities but also help clarify learning objectives and promote the development of students’ competencies. In this process of guidance and monitoring, rubrics stand out as effective tools for assessing acquired competencies, fostering teacher training that meets the contemporary needs of the educational environment. © 2025 Common Ground Research Networks. All rights reserved.

Australia faces significant challenges in securing a skilled workforce. A challenge particularly evident in the hospitality and food trades. This study investigates the workplace training curriculum of food trades apprentices in the state of Victoria. Utilising case studies and semi-structured interviews, the research evaluates the calibre of instruction provided to bakery apprentices in both workplace settings and vocational institutions. The analysis, grounded in Fuller and Unwin’s expansive/restrictive continuum (2003), yields two principal conclusions. First, the study reveals a conflict between operational productivity and on-the-job learning. Employers frequently prioritize business interests over apprentice development, potentially leading to disillusionment and attrition among trainees. Second, the findings demonstrate that a well-crafted training curriculum fosters a sense of vocational identity and belonging, enhancing apprentices’ commitment to their chosen field. This research offers valuable insights into how stakeholders can collaborate to improve apprenticeship completion rates and cultivate a stronger sense of vocation within workplace learners. © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This article presents a theoretical approach to examining professional knowledge practices on online platforms, employing the concept of epistemic objects and their incompleteness, and analysing how objects are actively produced and negotiated through interactions among users and the platform. We illustrate this approach by conducting an interaction analysis of two threads from Stack Overflow, a prominent online platform where millions of software developers ask and answer programming-related questions. The findings demonstrate that the incompleteness of epistemic objects is central to understanding how professionals collectively engage with and produce knowledge online. They also highlight the role of specific technical features of platforms and the embeddedness of objects–and, thereby, the platforms themselves–in the broader professional domain. The article discusses the potential of the theoretical approach for investigating online platforms as sites for professional learning and calls for educational programs and platform designs that support professionals’ engagements with epistemic objects. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) live in the American imagination as promising tools for solving pressing global challenges and enhancing quality of life. Despite the importance of the STEM disciplines in the landscape of U.S. political, economic, and social priorities, STEM learning opportunities are unevenly distributed, and the experiences an individual has in STEM education are likely to vary tremendously based on their race, ethnicity, socio-economic class, gender, and a myriad of other factors. Equity in K-12 STEM Education: Framing Decisions for the Future approaches equity in STEM education not as a singular goal but as an ongoing process that requires intentional decision-making and action toward addressing and disrupting existing inequities and envisioning a more just future. Stakeholders at all levels of the education system - including state, district, and school leaders and classroom teachers - have roles as decision-makers who can advance equity. This consensus study report provides five equity frames as a guide to help decision-makers articulate short- and long-term goals for equity and make decisions about policy and practice. © 2025 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.