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[No abstract available]

Three vocational high schools provide illustrative and contrasting histories in terms of African-American education and economic opportunity. Washburne Trade School reinforced trade union exclusion of African-Americans, and since integration in the 1960s has been abandoned by most of the powerful unions. Dunbar Vocational High School directed African-Americans into the lower-paying trades, but has lost the economic base that the ghetto once provided. Chicago Vocational School prepared the white working class for industrial jobs, but integration and re-segregation has coincidentally seen the erosion of Chicago's manufacturing base. These schools are compared in the economic, political, and cultural contexts of past and present. It is proposed that an integrated strategy for the reform of vocational education is necessary for these schools to adapt to economic change in the present and future. © 1992 human Sciences Press, Inc.

Addiction to narcotics appears to be a problem in the specialty of anaesthesia and particularly in anaesthesia residents. In 1992, this problem is perceived to be a treatable disease for which there is help and there is hope. None of us are immune to this disease. One of the key features of this disease is that the person who is afflicted cannot reach out for help. Thus, it is our responsibility as caring, concerned, and hopefully compassionate colleagues to reach out to them. With proper intervention, treatment, support of family, colleagues and department, and with a tightly monitored aftercare contract, addicted anaesthetists can successfully return to the specialty. © 1992 Canadian Anesthesiologists.

The opportunity and need for surgical training overseas changes with time. In the past, young surgeons in Australia and England completed their training with periods spent in the UK or USA respectively. Recent times have however seen a dramatic reduction in the numbers going abroad. This is in part due to concern about the ability to return to the domestic system in either Australia or the UK and in part due to a lack of knowledge about opportunities that exist not only in the English speaking medical community but also those on mainland Europe. We have been fortunate in having been able to work as members of the Department of Surgery in Rennes with Professor B. Launois (G.M.) and in Pans with Professor H. Bismuth (A.D.) and together in Berne Switzerland with Professor L. H. Blumgart. This experience has furthered our training in hepato‐biliary surgery in non‐English speaking environments. Supervisors and surgeons in training may wish to consider the possibility of additional experience in Europe rather than the UK or US A. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

Only one third of the applicants for training in pediatric surgery obtain a position through the pediatric surgery matching program. In order to identify factors that contribute to a successful outcome, we conducted a retrospective survey of all participants in the matching process for positions during the years 1983 to 1991. This survey was designed to identify characteristics associated with success in the match through comparison of successful and unsuccessful applicants. Significant factors associated with a successful match included: a greater incidence of residency-supported research (P = .012) with a greater number of publications (P = .003) and national presentations (P = .014), specifically at the annual meetings of the American Pediatric Surgical Association (P = .05) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (P = .05). In addition, successful candidates had more contact with (P = .004) and letters of recommendation from (P = .015) well-known pediatric surgeons involved in the general surgical residency program. This information should be invaluable to those counseling medical students and residents interested in a career in pediatric surgery. © 1992.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (cf. Crispell, 1990), the medical clerical field is one of the faster growing areas of employment. This paper reports on long‐term employment of trainees involved in nontraditional medical clerical programs. These programs were funded by the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) and filled both the needs of the local rural health care facilities and the employment needs of unskilled youths and adults. These nontraditional students of low socioeconomic background and poor work history were successfully mainstreamed into university courses and consequently obtained productive employment. A follow‐up study was conducted of 64 individuals who completed three different, one‐year JTPA programs. The study investigated the following questions: Was the trainee currently employed? If so, was employment related to the training program, and were the quarterly salaries higher than minimum wage and previous salaries? How many different jobs were reported since training? Did the individual retain employment in a rural setting? The JTPA programs at Southern Illinois University included some innovative yet practical components that resulted in very high program completion rates, high initial placement, and a continuing pattern of long‐term employment. These components included: emphasis on training for the most needed positions/jobs that matched university capabilities; the pursuit of higher starting salaries; informing participants of support services; training in job hunting and work readiness; using some individualized, competency‐based instruction; establishing internship arrangements with prospective employers; and careful matching of the trainee to initial placement site with consideration of personality as well as skills. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

[No abstract available]

1991 marks thirty years of formal education in occupational therapy in Western Australia. From its humble origins in an old hotel, the undergraduate occupational therapy programme in Western Australia has evolved from one which had a very strong vocational focus, was largely steeped in medical traditions and which had an emphasis on teaching technical skills, to one which is more academic and outward looking in its orientation. However, as we enter the 1990s undergraduate education in occupational therapy must face the challenges associated with the National Training Board's move to competency‐based standards and assessment in the workplace. This study of historical material compares the three major stages of development in the thirty years of undergraduate education in occupational therapy in Western Australia. Reflection on these developments may guide future directions in undergraduate education and result in outcomes which will equip occupational therapists for leadership in the provision of health services. 1991 Occupational Therapy Australia Limited

Directors of pediatric residency programs in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada were surveyed regarding plans of graduating residents to determine whether new pediatricians experienced problems finding employment in light of a decreasing growth rate in the child population. Nearly 90% of directors responded, providing information on 1915 residents. Of the 1782 nonmilitary residents in the United States, 815 were entering general pediatric practice and one third (596) were entering subspecialty training. Nearly one half (379) of residents entering general pediatric practice were joining a small group practice, almost one fourth (184) were joining a larger group, 6% (48) were becoming solo practitioners, 7% (57) were joining a health maintenance organization, and nearly 8% (62) were joining a hospital or academic staff. Most residents in the United States experienced no difficulty finding a position and received multiple offers for jobs. Canadian residents were similar to residents in the United States, whereas the postresidency situations of graduates of military and Puerto Rican programs were very different. Despite manpower predictions to the contrary, comments by program directors indicated a demand for general pediatricians. This paper presents only the viewpoint of program directors; whether this perceived need illustrates an avid market for young general pediatricians merits further study.

The 'Forderungslehrgang' in our asthma center is a special training program for adolescents handicapped by asthma or allergic diseases who are therefor not able to start apprenticeship. The course takes one year. Besides vocational guidance and try-out of different occupations, medical and psychological diagnostics are performed. Medical service is provided all day, and a hospital with emergency unit is within the area. Though 41% of the participants did finish school without any qualified graduation after their compulsory school attendance, 79% were able to start apprenticeship after the course.