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Taking a fresh and innovative approach to the complexities and challenges inherent in organizational learning diversity, the authors show that there are no generic solutions. They argue there is no 'best way' of planning, organizing and implementing learning in relation to the workplace and instead provide context-specific solutions to the dilemmas and issues that diversities present. With an international approach, grounded in theory and incorporating strong practical examples, this book is essential reading for all those studying, teaching or practising human resource development, human resource management or professional education. © 2006 Peter J. Smith and Eugene Sadler-Smith. All rights reserved.

The development of optometric education and the establishment of formal tertiary educational programs in the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan are described. The various types of degree and diploma programs from medical and technological universities are differentiated. The definition of optometry, as it is understood by the regulatory bodies and the populace, is discussed. There is more diversity in optometric programs within and across Greater China than among some nations. However, due to cultural and linguistic similarities, interactions and interchanges among institutions/associations at regular intervals are of immense value in harmonising the differences in educational programs and professional practices. Exchange programs, conferences and seminars further enhance the educational standards by exchanging technical knowledge and good clinical practices.

The relationship between authenticity, or the expression of the genuine self, and transformative adult education was explored through the development of a model of adult education that was used to design and conduct a semester-long course titled Sex and Shame, Spirit and Power for Unitarian-Universalist seminary learners. Grounded Theory analysis of interviews with Unitarian-Universalist ministers and seminary learners was used to analyze the professional needs of Unitarian-Universalist ministers. This analysis was foundation for the development of the objectives of the course. The progression of the course and the implementation of the model of adult learning is described through a first-person narrative of the semester. Details of the course material are provided in Chapters 5 and 6. The academic success of the course was determined through qualitative and quantitative measures of the learners' meeting the course objectives, including analysis of the learners' journals, observations in the classroom, and the Sexuality Opinion Survey. The relationships among the course content, the application of adult learning theories, the authenticity of each of the learners and the authenticity of the teacher are explored through reflective analysis and first-person narrative in order to demonstrate how authentic teaching and authentic learning can be supported by a model of effective adult education theories. A general framework for adult education which can be adapted to meet the needs of teachers, learners and subjects is offered as a way to facilitate authenticity in adult education.

Processes and conditions of production may produce unhealthy effects. Both must therefore be included in the education of health care personnel. Vocational training in occupational health at Kocaeli University Medical School, Turkey aims to demonstrate students that occupational health is a specific and important area of work within the context of primary health care. This research is a cross-sectional study. It was planned as a three stage study: 1- reviewing literature and grouping of countries according to their occupational health curricula; 2- reviewing the occupational health programs of medical schools in Turkey, and 3- recommendations for an occupational health curriculum to include an occupational health vocational training period of one week in the two month public health education program for medical interns. During this experience, senior students would be assigned to workplace health units. Of 283 medical schools found on the web, with occupational health teaching, only 20 have a curriculum that includes training in workplace health care units. In Turkey, there is no structured practical education on occupational health. In the third part of this study, we initiated at Kocaeli University School of Medicine's curriculum, a new occupational health education model applied in the workplace health units of factories. Practical experience of occupational health in the workplace is useful in introducing the community-based approach to occupational health in undergraduate medical education and understanding the determinants of health in industry.

In this national sample of female carpenters (N = 411) who began their apprenticeship with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters during the 1990s in the United States, the author provides a profile of female carpenters' vocational interests (The Self-Directed Search). The vocational interests of 137 male carpenters also were gathered for comparison. The results indicate that the vocational interests of female and male carpenters are dominated by Realistic interests. These outcomes are supported by earlier work with the Strong Interest Inventory. The author suggests that test construction and sampling play a role in the controversy about gender bias in interest inventories. Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association.

This article addresses the mental health of young people taking part in an active labour market programme (ALMP). The subject of the paper follows the demand for research on the 'permanent impermanence' identified as a situation characterized by shifting in between different labour market training programmes, unemployment and odd jobs. The research on which the article draws was an evaluation study of an active labour market programme in Germany, known as JUMP. The article uses data derived from a participants' survey and addresses the following questions: How can the mechanism of ALMP and mental health be described? What affects young people within an ALMP? Are there any differences according to the density of the surrounding labour market? Previous research has explored the impact of unemployment on mental health. This article investigates the possible impact of ALMP, referring to the complex relationship between the density of the labour market and young people's mental health. It then applies data derived from the JUMP participants' survey to explore the influence on young people. The impact of the density of the surrounding labour market is addressed by separating the available data into East and West German participants. The article finally compares the research findings from young participants in an ALMP with previous research on unemployed young people and concludes with differences between East and West German young people. © Institute of Psychiatry.

This article draws on case study research in two further education (FE) colleges to explore the ways in which women administrators, lecturers and managers negotiate and construct their (gendered, racialized and classed) identities in the workplace. The context is that of the restructuring of education, the 'feminization' of educational management, and debates about the de- or re-professionalization of lecturers. The article illustrates how discourses of femininity are drawn upon in the construction of professional identities, and are used to both perform and resist new worker identities and gendered power relations. Despite optimistic discourses about a 'female future', the restructuring of further education does not, as yet, appear to have resulted in any notable challenge to the gendered, racialized and classed FE labour market. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Background: Traditionally, specialty vocational/residency training is totally done in tertiary care university-hospital settings, making it very difficult for specialty residents to learn about the joys and challenges of rural and regional patient care. Description: The University of Western Ontario's Multi-Specialty Community Training Network (MSCTN) was developed to provide specialty residents with the opportunity to do part of their postgraduate vocational training in rural and regional practice settings. The network involves 10 medical school departments/divisions and 7 rural/regional communities. From 1997 to 2004, 174 residents have completed 287 months of rural/regional training. Evaluation: Residents rated their overall learning experience at 6.41 on a 7-point scale. Nineteen of the 39 graduating residents have chosen to practice in rural and regional underserviced communities. Conclusion: Rural/regional specialty postgraduate vocational training rotations can provide excellent learning experiences. Preliminary results indicate that this exposure encourages many specialty residents to establish rural and regional practices. Copyright © 2005 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Professional life counselors will serve an increasingly important role in the life quality of global citizens in the 21st century. The optimal preparation of service providers will reflect basic principles of human development, professional helping, and educational processes. The dynamic systems appreciations of constructivism offer valuable scaffoldings for mentoring and apprenticeship in human helping. Suggestions are made for practical refinements in professional education. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Although most needlestick/sharps injuries (NSIs/SIs) research focuses on health care workers (HCWs), students in hospital internships are also at risk. Investigations that examined NSIsS/SIs in student populations generally studied medical rather than nursing students (NSs). In 1999, approximately 17,000 Taiwanese nursing graduates were exposed to the hazard of NSIs/SIs. We examined the frequency and mechanism of NSIs/SIs among vocational school NSs in southern Taiwan. Between July and December of 1999, within 1 week after the NSs completed their internship training, one of the researchers, who was a teacher in this vocational school, asked them to fill out questionnaires. Five hundred twenty-seven of 550 (92.6%) questionnaires were considered valid. Two hundred sixty-four of 527 (50.1%) responders sustained one or more NSIs/SIs. Ninety-six of 527 (18.2%) responders suffered contaminated NSIs/SIs. The average number of NSIs/SIs per student was 8.0 times/year (4.9 times/student/year for NSIs and 3.1 times/student/year for SIs). NSIs/SIs rates for NSs in 10-week and 4-week internships were significantly different (P =. 039): 53.3% versus 43.7%, respectively. The NSIs/SIs frequencies were influenced by length of internship: 7.3 times/student/year in 10-week internship and 11.7 times/student/year in 4-week internship. Logistic regression analysis indicated that length of internship rotation was statistically significant with respect to contaminated NSIs/SIs (OR = 1.682; 95% CI: 1.005-2.81; P =. 048). The NSIs/SIs frequencies of NSs were higher than those for HCWs. We found that frequency of NSIs/SIs for vocational school NSs is above average. Whether the young age of these NSs put them at greater risk for NSIs/SIs warrants further inquiry.